Ventricular Assist Device (VAD) Implantation

A VAD is a mechanical pump implanted in patients with severe heart failure to help the heart pump blood more efficiently. It is often used as a bridge-to-transplant therapy for patients awaiting a heart transplant or as a long-term solution for those who are not eligible for transplantation. The device is connected to the heart and powered externally, improving circulation and reducing symptoms of heart failure.

Heart-Lung Transplant

A heart-lung transplant is a rare and complex procedure where both the heart and lungs are replaced simultaneously. It is typically performed for patients with congenital heart defects, pulmonary hypertension, or severe lung disease affecting the heart. The procedure requires a precise donor match and extensive post-operative care to prevent organ rejection and infections. Success rates depend on early detection of complications and strict adherence to immunosuppressive therapy.

Lung Transplant

A lung transplant is a procedure that replaces one or both diseased lungs with healthy donor lungs. It is performed for patients with end-stage lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, or cystic fibrosis. The surgery involves removing the damaged lung(s), attaching the donor lung(s), and restoring pulmonary function. Patients must take immunosuppressants post-surgery to prevent rejection.

Heart Transplant

A heart transplant is a surgical procedure performed to replace a failing or diseased heart with a healthy donor heart. It is usually recommended for patients with end-stage heart failure, severe coronary artery disease, or cardiomyopathy when other treatments fail. The procedure involves removing the diseased heart, connecting the donor heart to the major blood vessels, and ensuring proper circulation. Post-surgery, patients require lifelong immunosuppressive therapy to prevent organ rejection.

Epilepsy Surgery

Epilepsy surgery is recommended for patients with severe, drug-resistant epilepsy. The most common procedure is temporal lobectomy, where a part of the brain’s temporal lobe (where seizures originate) is removed. Another approach, corpus callosotomy, cuts the corpus callosum to prevent seizures from spreading between brain hemispheres. This surgery significantly reduces seizure frequency and improves quality of life.

Aneurysm Clipping

Aneurysm clipping is a neurosurgical procedure used to prevent a brain aneurysm from rupturing. Surgeons place a small metal clip at the base of the aneurysm to stop blood flow, preventing it from bursting and causing a life-threatening stroke or brain hemorrhage. This is a highly effective treatment for unruptured and ruptured aneurysms. Compared to endovascular coiling, clipping is more invasive but has a lower risk of recurrence.

Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery

Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (MISS) is used to treat spinal disorders like herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and degenerative spine conditions with small incisions instead of open surgery. Using microscopes and endoscopic cameras, surgeons access the spine with minimal tissue damage, leading to faster recovery, less pain, and fewer complications. Procedures include microdiscectomy, laminectomy, and spinal fusion to relieve nerve compression and stabilize the spine.

Craniotomy

A craniotomy is a surgical procedure where a part of the skull (bone flap) is removed to access the brain. It is commonly performed to remove brain tumors, treat brain aneurysms, relieve pressure, or manage traumatic brain injuries. Advanced techniques such as image-guided navigation and intraoperative MRI help improve precision and safety. The removed skull section is reattached after surgery. Recovery includes physical therapy and rehabilitation.

Spinal Cord Decompression Surgery

This procedure is performed to relieve spinal cord compression caused by herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or tumors. It involves removing part of the vertebrae (laminectomy) or a portion of a herniated disc (discectomy) to reduce pressure on nerves and the spinal cord. Patients with symptoms like severe back pain, numbness, weakness, or difficulty walking benefit greatly from this surgery. Minimally invasive techniques allow faster recovery.

Brain Tumor Surgery

Brain tumor surgery involves removing abnormal growths in the brain to relieve pressure, improve neurological function, and prevent cancer spread. The most common method is craniotomy, where part of the skull is removed to access the tumor. Advanced techniques like neuro-navigation, awake brain surgery, and robotic-assisted surgery help ensure precision and safety. Surgery may be followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy to prevent tumor regrowth.

Stroke Thrombectomy

Stroke thrombectomy is an emergency procedure to remove a blood clot blocking an artery in the brain, causing an ischemic stroke. Using a catheter inserted through the groin, doctors navigate to the blocked artery and extract the clot with a stent retriever or suction device. This procedure must be performed within 6 - 24 hours of stroke onset to restore blood flow, prevent brain damage, and reduce disability.

Deep Brain Stimulation

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure used to treat neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor, and dystonia. Electrodes are implanted in specific brain areas and connected to a pacemaker-like device placed under the skin in the chest. The device sends electrical impulses to regulate abnormal brain activity, reducing symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and involuntary movements. DBS does not cure neurological diseases but significantly improves quality of life.

Artificial Disc Replacement

This procedure replaces a damaged spinal disc with an artificial one to maintain movement and flexibility. It is an alternative to spinal fusion and is commonly used for cervical and lumbar disc degeneration. It allows for quicker recovery and reduces the risk of adjacent disc problems.

Discectomy

A discectomy is performed to remove part or all of a damaged spinal disc that is pressing on a nerve. It is a common treatment for herniated discs in the lower back and neck. The procedure helps relieve pain, numbness, and weakness caused by nerve compression

Laminectomy

Laminectomy involves the removal of the lamina (part of the vertebra) to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. This procedure is commonly performed for spinal stenosis, herniated discs, or nerve compression. It can significantly reduce back and leg pain but may require physical therapy for full recovery.

Spinal Fusion Surgery

Spinal fusion is a procedure that permanently connects two or more vertebrae to eliminate movement between them. This is commonly performed for conditions such as degenerative disc disease, scoliosis, or spinal fractures. The procedure involves using bone grafts, screws, and metal rods to stabilize the spine. Recovery can take several months, and physical therapy is often recommended for rehabilitation.

Auxiliary Liver Transplant

An Auxiliary Liver Transplant is a specialized procedure where a portion of a donor liver is transplanted into a recipient without removing their existing liver. This technique is mainly used for patients with acute liver failure who have a chance of liver recovery. If the patient’s liver regenerates and resumes normal function, immunosuppressive therapy can be discontinued, and the transplanted liver portion may shrink or be removed later.

Split Liver Transplant

A Split Liver Transplant is an advanced surgical technique in which a deceased donor’s liver is divided into two sections and transplanted into two different patients, typically an adult and a child. This technique maximizes the availability of donor organs and is beneficial in cases of pediatric liver transplants. The procedure requires a high level of surgical expertise to ensure both recipients’ livers function effectively after transplantation.

Living Donor Liver Transplant

A Living Donor Liver Transplant (LDLT) involves transplanting a portion of a healthy donor’s liver into a recipient. The liver has a unique ability to regenerate, allowing both the donor’s and recipient’s liver to regrow to full size within months. This procedure is often recommended for patients with chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, or acute liver failure. LDLT offers shorter waiting times compared to deceased donor transplants, making it a life-saving option for many patients.

Orthotopic Liver Transplant

An Orthotopic Liver Transplant (OLT) is the most common type of liver transplant, where a diseased liver is completely removed and replaced with a healthy liver from a deceased donor. This procedure is typically recommended for patients with end-stage liver disease, liver failure, or liver cancer. The surgery requires precise vascular and biliary reconnections to ensure the new liver functions properly. Post-surgical care includes immunosuppressive therapy to prevent organ rejection.

Liver Biopsy

A liver biopsy is a procedure to obtain a small tissue sample from the liver to diagnose conditions such as liver disease, hepatitis, or cirrhosis. A needle is inserted through the skin into the liver to collect the sample, which is then analyzed under a microscope.

Gastric Bypass Surgery

Gastric bypass is a weight-loss surgery that reduces stomach size and reroutes the digestive tract to limit food absorption. This procedure is commonly used for patients with obesity and related health issues such as diabetes or hypertension. It requires significant lifestyle changes and follow-up care.

Colonoscopy

A colonoscopy is a diagnostic procedure used to examine the colon and rectum for abnormalities such as polyps, inflammation, or cancer. A flexible tube with a camera (colonoscope) is inserted into the rectum to visualize the intestinal lining. If necessary, polyps can be removed during the procedure.

Dialysis Access Surgery

A procedure to create a connection between an artery and a vein for efficient dialysis access in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Ureteroscopy with Laser Lithotripsy

A non-invasive technique that uses a thin scope to reach kidney stones and break them into smaller pieces using laser energy for easy removal.

Laparoscopic Nephrectomy

A minimally invasive surgery to remove a diseased kidney due to cancer, severe infection, or non-functioning kidney. It involves small incisions and faster recovery.

Kidney Transplant

A surgical procedure where a diseased kidney is replaced with a healthy donor kidney. It is the best treatment for end-stage kidney disease, offering improved quality of life and longevity.

Preemptive Kidney Transplant

suggest that getting a transplant before kidney failure occurs leads to better long-term outcomes, fewer complications, and improved quality of life. This procedure reduces exposure to dialysis-related complications and allows patients to recover faster and lead a normal life.

ABO-Incompatible Kidney Transplant

transplant, advanced medical techniques allow transplantation even if the donor and recipient have mismatched blood groups. Special treatments like plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive therapy help remove harmful antibodies, increasing the chances of transplant success. This expands donor options for patients who have difficulty finding a match.

Paired Kidney Exchange

A paired kidney exchange is an advanced transplant option for patients who have a willing donor but are not biologically compatible. In this program, two or more pairs of incompatible donors and recipients are matched with each other so that each patient gets a compatible kidney from another donor. This procedure helps increase transplant success rates and reduces waiting time.

Kidney Transplant

A kidney transplant is the best treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), where a healthy kidney from a donor replaces a failing kidney.

Thalassemia Therapy

Thalassemia therapy focuses on managing the symptoms of this inherited blood disorder, which results in the production of abnormal hemoglobin. The primary treatment for thalassemia is regular blood transfusions, which help maintain adequate levels of hemoglobin and prevent complications like anemia.

Leukemia Treatment

Leukemia treatment involves therapies aimed at eliminating cancerous cells from the blood and bone marrow to achieve remission and improve survival. The treatment approach depends on the type and stage of leukemia, as well as the patient’s overall health.

Stem Cell Therapy

Stem Cell Therapy is a medical treatment that uses stem cells to repair or replace damaged tissues and promote healing in the body. Stem cells are unique because they have the ability to transform into different types of cells, making them useful for regenerating damaged areas such as joints, muscles, and cartilage.

Total Knee Replacement

Total Knee Replacement (TKR) is a surgical procedure where a damaged or arthritic knee joint is replaced with an artificial implant. The surgery aims to relieve pain, improve mobility, and enhance the quality of life for individuals with knee joint issues that don't respond to other treatments.

Facelift

A facelift is a cosmetic surgery that reduces signs of aging by tightening facial skin, removing wrinkles, and repositioning sagging tissues.

Breast Augmentation

It is commonly done for cosmetic enhancement, post-mastectomy reconstruction, or correcting asymmetry.

Liposuction

Liposuction is a body contouring procedure that removes excess fat deposits from areas like the abdomen, thighs, arms, chin, or back. It is used for: Shaping the body when diet and exercise fail Removing stubborn fat pockets Enhancing muscle definition Techniques include tumescent liposuction, ultrasound-assisted liposuction (UAL), and laser liposuction.

Rhinoplasty

Rhinoplasty is a cosmetic or reconstructive nose surgery performed to improve the shape, size, or function of the nose. It is commonly done for: Cosmetic enhancements (reducing a bump, refining the tip, narrowing nostrils) Breathing difficulties (correcting a deviated septum) Trauma-related deformities

Insulin Pump Therapy

This is an advanced diabetes management solution where a small, computerized device continuously delivers insulin into the body. The pump mimics the pancreas by providing a steady dose of insulin throughout the day and extra doses during meals. It helps maintain better blood glucose control than traditional insulin injections, reducing the risk of long-term complications. The device requires regular monitoring and adjustments based on blood sugar levels.

Radioactive Iodine Therapy

This treatment is primarily used for hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer. It involves ingesting a radioactive iodine capsule or liquid, which selectively destroys overactive thyroid cells while leaving the rest of the body unharmed. Patients may need isolation for a short period to prevent radiation exposure to others. The effectiveness is monitored through follow-up thyroid function tests.

Thyroidectomy

A thyroidectomy is a surgical procedure to remove all or part of the thyroid gland. It is commonly performed to treat thyroid cancer, large goiters, or hyperthyroidism that does not respond to medication. The procedure may be total (entire gland removal) or partial (removal of one lobe). Patients may require lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy post-surgery.

Adrenalectomy

Adrenalectomy is the surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands, often necessary for conditions like adrenal tumors, Cushing’s syndrome, or pheochromocytoma. The procedure can be performed laparoscopically (minimally invasive) or through open surgery. Post-surgery, patients may need hormone replacement therapy if both glands are removed. Recovery time varies depending on the surgical approach.

Umbilical Cord Blood Transplant

This procedure uses stem cells collected from the umbilical cord blood of a newborn baby. These stem cells are stored in cord blood banks and can be used for transplants in patients who do not have a suitable donor match. Umbilical cord blood transplants are especially useful for treating leukemia, sickle cell disease, and metabolic disorders. Since cord blood contains immature immune cells, the risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is lower, but the number of stem cells available per unit is smaller, which can affect recovery time.

Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant

PBSCT is a type of hematopoietic stem cell transplant where stem cells are collected from the donor's bloodstream rather than the bone marrow. The donor receives medication to stimulate stem cell production, and the cells are then extracted using apheresis. This method is preferred over traditional bone marrow collection because it is less invasive and leads to faster engraftment of new blood cells. PBSCT is commonly used to treat leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma.

Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplant

An allogeneic bone marrow transplant involves transferring stem cells from a healthy donor (usually a close genetic match, such as a sibling) to a patient whose bone marrow has been destroyed by chemotherapy or radiation. This procedure is used for conditions such as leukemia, aplastic anemia, and certain genetic disorders. The new stem cells help regenerate healthy bone marrow and restore normal blood cell production. However, there is a risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where the donor's immune cells attack the recipient's body.

Autologous Bone Marrow Transplant

An autologous bone marrow transplant involves collecting and storing a patient's own stem cells before undergoing high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy. After the treatment, the stored stem cells are reintroduced into the bloodstream, where they travel to the bone marrow and begin producing new blood cells. This procedure is commonly used to treat multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and some solid tumors. The main advantage is a lower risk of rejection since the patient’s own cells are used. However, there is a risk of cancer recurrence.

Neck Dissection

A surgical procedure to remove lymph nodes from the neck when cancer has spread. It may be done alongside tumor removal to prevent further metastasis.

Maxillectomy

This involves the removal of part or all of the maxilla (upper jaw) to treat sinus or oral cavity cancers. It may require reconstructive surgery using grafts or prosthetics.

Laryngectomy

This is a major surgical procedure for laryngeal cancer, where part or all of the voice box (larynx) is removed. Patients may need voice rehabilitation and alternative communication methods post-surgery.

Glossectomy

This procedure involves the removal of part or the entire tongue affected by cancer. Partial glossectomy preserves speech and swallowing functions, while total glossectomy may require reconstructive surgery.

Vulvectomy

A surgical procedure that removes part or all of the vulva affected by cancer. It may be combined with lymph node dissection if cancer has spread. This procedure can impact sexual function and requires post-surgical rehabilitation.

Ovarian Cancer Debulking Surgery

This complex surgery aims to remove as much of the cancerous tissue as possible from the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and surrounding areas. It is often followed by chemotherapy for better outcomes.

Radical Trachelectomy

A procedure for early-stage cervical cancer that removes the cervix while preserving the uterus, allowing women to conceive in the future. It is an alternative to a hysterectomy for younger patients.

Hysterectomy for Gynecological Cancer

A surgical procedure to remove the uterus to treat cancers like cervical, uterine, or ovarian cancer. It can be performed via open surgery, laparoscopic, or robotic-assisted methods. In some cases, the ovaries and fallopian tubes are also removed (salpingo-oophorectomy).

Pelvic Resection Surgery

This procedure removes tumors from the pelvic bone, often requiring complex reconstruction using grafts or prosthetic implants. It is used for aggressive bone cancers in the pelvis.

Bone Tumor Curettage & Bone Grafting

A minimally invasive technique where a bone tumor is scraped out (curettage) and the cavity is filled with bone grafts or bone cement to restore strength. Used for benign and low-grade malignant tumors.

Amputation for Bone Cancer

If the tumor is large or has invaded major nerves and blood vessels, amputation may be necessary. Prosthetic limbs are used post-surgery to aid mobility.

Limb-Salvage Surgery

This procedure removes cancerous bone or soft tissue tumors while preserving the limb’s function. It involves tumor removal and reconstruction using metal implants or bone grafts. Commonly performed for osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma.

Bone Marrow Transplant

Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT), also known as Stem Cell Transplant, is a life-saving procedure for patients with blood cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. It involves replacing damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy stem cells, which can be collected from the patient (autologous transplant) or a donor (allogeneic transplant). This procedure helps restore blood cell production and boost the immune system. Recovery can take months, and patients must remain in a sterile environment to prevent infections.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted Therapy is a precision cancer treatment that focuses on specific genes, proteins, or the tumor environment to block cancer growth. Unlike chemotherapy, which affects all fast-growing cells, targeted therapy selectively attacks cancer cells while sparing normal cells, reducing side effects. It is commonly used for cancers such as breast cancer (HER2-positive), lung cancer, and leukemia. The treatment may be given orally or intravenously, depending on the drug.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is an advanced cancer treatment that boosts the body's immune system to fight cancer cells more effectively. It is commonly used for cancers like melanoma, lung cancer, and certain types of lymphoma. Immunotherapy drugs, such as checkpoint inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, enhance the immune response or target specific cancer cell proteins. While generally well-tolerated, some patients experience side effects like inflammation, fatigue, or flu-like symptoms.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a systemic cancer treatment that uses drugs to destroy rapidly growing cancer cells. It is used for a variety of cancers, including breast cancer, lung cancer, and leukemia. The drugs can be administered orally, intravenously, or directly into the affected area. While chemotherapy effectively kills cancer cells, it also affects healthy cells, leading to side effects such as hair loss, nausea, and fatigue. The treatment is often given in cycles, allowing the body to recover between sessions.

Total Body Irradiation

Used before bone marrow or stem cell transplantation to eliminate cancer cells and suppress the immune system. Commonly used for leukemia and lymphoma.

Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Highly precise radiation therapy that delivers high doses in fewer sessions. Used for brain tumors, lung, liver, and spine cancers. Helps minimize damage to healthy tissues.

Brachytherapy

A radioactive source is placed inside or near the tumor to deliver a high radiation dose while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues. It is effective for prostate, cervical, and breast cancers.

External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT)

EBRT uses high-energy X-rays or proton beams to target and destroy cancer cells externally. It is commonly used for cancers like breast, lung, prostate, and brain tumors. The treatment is painless but may cause mild skin irritation and fatigue.

Frozen Embryo Transfer

FET involves thawing previously frozen embryos and transferring them into the uterus. It is an option for couples who have stored embryos from a prior IVF cycle or those who wish to delay pregnancy. FET eliminates the need for ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, making it a less invasive and more cost-effective option for achieving pregnancy.

Hysteroscopic Polypectomy

A minimally invasive procedure to remove polyps from the uterine lining that can affect fertility and cause irregular menstrual bleeding. It is performed using a hysteroscope inserted through the cervix, allowing precise removal without external incisions. Polyp removal can improve the chances of pregnancy, especially in IVF treatments.

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

ICSI is a specialized form of IVF where a single sperm is directly injected into an egg to enhance fertilization chances. It is often recommended for severe male infertility cases, including low sperm count or poor sperm motility. The resulting embryo is then implanted into the uterus. ICSI significantly improves success rates for couples facing male factor infertility.

In Vitro Fertilization

IVF is an assisted reproductive technology (ART) where eggs and sperm are combined outside the body in a laboratory setting. The fertilized embryo is then transferred to the woman’s uterus to establish a pregnancy. It is commonly used for infertility due to blocked fallopian tubes, male factor infertility, or unexplained infertility. The process includes ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, and embryo transfer.

Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS)

FESS is a minimally invasive procedure to treat chronic sinus infections, nasal polyps, or sinus blockages. The surgeon uses an endoscope to remove obstructions and improve sinus drainage. The procedure is performed under general anesthesia and typically has a short recovery period.

Cochlear Implant Surgery

parts of the ear and directly stimulates the auditory nerve. This procedure is especially beneficial for patients who do not benefit from traditional hearing aids. Post-surgery, patients require extensive auditory rehabilitation.

Septoplasty

Septoplasty is a surgical procedure to correct a deviated nasal septum, which can cause breathing difficulties, snoring, or chronic sinus infections. The surgeon reshapes or removes parts of the septum to improve airflow. It is usually performed under local or general anesthesia and does not change the external appearance of the nose.

Tonsillectomy

A tonsillectomy is the surgical removal of the tonsils, often performed to treat chronic tonsillitis, sleep apnea, or recurrent throat infections. The procedure is usually done under general anesthesia, and patients may experience throat pain for a few days post-surgery. Recovery typically involves a soft diet and pain management.

Fundoplication

This surgery is performed to treat severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) by wrapping the upper stomach around the lower esophagus to prevent acid reflux.

Pancreaticoduodenectomy

This complex surgery is used to treat pancreatic cancer or tumors in the pancreas, bile duct, or small intestine. It involves the removal of the head of the pancreas, part of the small intestine, gallbladder, and bile duct.

Gastrectomy

A gastrectomy involves the partial or complete removal of the stomach, often for gastric cancer, severe ulcers, or obesity. The digestive tract is then reconstructed to allow food passage.

Colectomy

A colectomy is a surgical procedure to remove part or all of the colon due to conditions like colon cancer, Crohn’s disease, or diverticulitis. It can be performed laparoscopically or as open surgery.