Bone Marrow Transplant

Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT), also known as Stem Cell Transplant, is a life-saving procedure for patients with blood cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. It involves replacing damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy stem cells, which can be collected from the patient (autologous transplant) or a donor (allogeneic transplant). This procedure helps restore blood cell production and boost the immune system. Recovery can take months, and patients must remain in a sterile environment to prevent infections.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted Therapy is a precision cancer treatment that focuses on specific genes, proteins, or the tumor environment to block cancer growth. Unlike chemotherapy, which affects all fast-growing cells, targeted therapy selectively attacks cancer cells while sparing normal cells, reducing side effects. It is commonly used for cancers such as breast cancer (HER2-positive), lung cancer, and leukemia. The treatment may be given orally or intravenously, depending on the drug.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is an advanced cancer treatment that boosts the body's immune system to fight cancer cells more effectively. It is commonly used for cancers like melanoma, lung cancer, and certain types of lymphoma. Immunotherapy drugs, such as checkpoint inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, enhance the immune response or target specific cancer cell proteins. While generally well-tolerated, some patients experience side effects like inflammation, fatigue, or flu-like symptoms.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a systemic cancer treatment that uses drugs to destroy rapidly growing cancer cells. It is used for a variety of cancers, including breast cancer, lung cancer, and leukemia. The drugs can be administered orally, intravenously, or directly into the affected area. While chemotherapy effectively kills cancer cells, it also affects healthy cells, leading to side effects such as hair loss, nausea, and fatigue. The treatment is often given in cycles, allowing the body to recover between sessions.

Whipple Procedure

A complex surgery for pancreatic cancer or severe pancreatic disease that involves removing the pancreas' head, duodenum, gallbladder, and part of the bile duct. The digestive system is reconstructed to allow normal function. This surgery has a long recovery period and requires nutritional adjustments.

Gastrectomy

A partial or total removal of the stomach, often performed for stomach cancer, ulcers, or severe obesity. The remaining stomach is connected to the small intestine for digestion. Nutritional changes and long-term dietary management are necessary post-surgery.

Colectomy

This procedure involves removing part or all of the colon due to conditions like colon cancer, diverticulitis, or inflammatory bowel disease. The remaining colon is reconnected, or a colostomy may be performed. Recovery varies depending on the extent of the surgery.

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

A minimally invasive surgery to remove the gallbladder due to gallstones, inflammation, or infection. Small incisions are made to insert a camera and surgical instruments, reducing recovery time and complications. Patients can usually return to normal activities within a week.

Wound Debridement

Removal of dead, infected, or non-healing tissue from chronic wounds (such as pressure sores or diabetic foot ulcers) to promote healing.

Foot and Ankle Surgery

Corrective surgery for bunions (bone deformities) or hammertoes to relieve pain and improve foot structure.

Ingrown Toenail Removal

A minor surgical procedure to remove part or the entire toenail growing into the skin, causing pain and infection.

Diabetic Foot Ulcer Treatment

A combination of debridement (removal of dead tissue), infection control, and wound dressing for foot ulcers caused by diabetes. May involve skin grafting if necessary.

Spinal Decompression Surgery

A surgical procedure to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves caused by herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or tumors, improving mobility and reducing pain.

Stroke Thrombectomy

A minimally invasive procedure to remove a blood clot from a blocked brain artery using a catheter, restoring blood flow and preventing permanent brain damage.

Brain Tumor Surgery

A surgical procedure to remove brain tumors, either benign or malignant, while preserving critical brain functions. Techniques may involve awake craniotomy or minimally invasive endoscopic surgery.

Deep Brain Stimulation

A procedure where electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain to regulate abnormal signals, commonly used for Parkinson’s disease, essential tremors, and dystonia.

Breast Augmentation/Reduction

A surgery to enhance (implants) or reduce breast size for aesthetic or medical reasons (e.g., back pain relief).

Abdominoplasty

A procedure to remove excess skin and fat from the abdomen, often performed after weight loss or pregnancy.

Liposuction

A cosmetic procedure to remove excess fat from specific areas like the abdomen, thighs, or arms for body contouring.

Rhinoplasty (Nose Reshaping Surgery)

A cosmetic surgery to reshape or reconstruct the nose for aesthetic or medical reasons (e.g., breathing issues).

Colorectal Cancer Surgery

A surgery to remove cancerous parts of the colon or rectum. Depending on the stage, the procedure can be minimally invasive (laparoscopic) or require an open approach. In some cases, a colostomy or ileostomy may be needed.

Lung Cancer Resection

A procedure to remove a portion (lobectomy) or the entire lung (pneumonectomy) affected by lung cancer. This helps prevent the spread of cancer to other areas of the body. Post-surgical breathing rehabilitation may be necessary.

Radical Prostatectomy

This surgery involves the removal of the prostate gland and surrounding tissues to treat prostate cancer. It can be performed via open, laparoscopic, or robotic-assisted methods. Post-surgical effects may include urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction.

Mastectomy

A surgical procedure to remove one or both breasts to treat or prevent breast cancer. It may involve complete breast removal (total mastectomy) or partial removal (lumpectomy). Reconstruction surgery may be performed simultaneously or later

Achilles Tendon Repair

A surgical procedure to repair a ruptured Achilles tendon, which connects the calf muscle to the heel, commonly injured in running or jumping sports.

Meniscus Repair

A procedure to repair or remove torn meniscus cartilage in the knee, often caused by twisting injuries in sports.

Shoulder Arthroscopy

A keyhole surgery to repair torn rotator cuff tendons in the shoulder, commonly caused by sports injuries or repetitive strain.

Arthroscopic ACL Reconstruction

A minimally invasive procedure to reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee, often injured in sports. A tendon graft is used to replace the torn ligament.

Total Body Irradiation

Used before bone marrow or stem cell transplantation to eliminate cancer cells and suppress the immune system. Commonly used for leukemia and lymphoma.

Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Highly precise radiation therapy that delivers high doses in fewer sessions. Used for brain tumors, lung, liver, and spine cancers. Helps minimize damage to healthy tissues.

Brachytherapy

A radioactive source is placed inside or near the tumor to deliver a high radiation dose while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues. It is effective for prostate, cervical, and breast cancers.

External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT)

EBRT uses high-energy X-rays or proton beams to target and destroy cancer cells externally. It is commonly used for cancers like breast, lung, prostate, and brain tumors. The treatment is painless but may cause mild skin irritation and fatigue.

Colonoscopy

A colonoscopy is a diagnostic procedure used to examine the colon and rectum for abnormalities like polyps, inflammation, or colorectal cancer. A flexible tube with a camera (colonoscope) is inserted into the rectum to visualize the intestinal lining. If necessary, polyps can be removed during the procedure.

FibroScan

A FibroScan is a non-invasive diagnostic test used to measure liver stiffness and detect fibrosis or cirrhosis in patients with liver disease, including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and fatty liver disease. It helps assess the severity of liver scarring without requiring a traditional biopsy.

Liver Biopsy

A liver biopsy is a procedure to obtain a small tissue sample from the liver to diagnose conditions such as liver disease, hepatitis, or cirrhosis. A needle is inserted through the skin into the liver to collect the sample, which is then analyzed under a microscope.

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

ERCP is a specialized endoscopic procedure used to diagnose and treat conditions affecting the bile ducts, pancreas, and gallbladder. A flexible endoscope is inserted through the mouth to access the small intestine, allowing for the removal of gallstones, stent placement, or biopsy collection.

Intrauterine Fetal Blood Transfusion

A life-saving procedure where blood is directly transfused to the fetus via the umbilical cord to treat conditions like Rh disease or severe fetal anemia.

Laparoscopic Myomectomy

A keyhole surgery to remove uterine fibroids while preserving fertility, commonly done for heavy periods or infertility cases.

Amniocentesis

A diagnostic procedure where a small sample of amniotic fluid is taken to test for chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome.

Fetal Echocardiography

A specialized ultrasound to assess the fetal heart for congenital heart defects and other abnormalities during pregnancy.

Spinal Cord Decompression Surgery

This procedure is performed to relieve spinal cord compression caused by herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or tumors. It involves removing part of the vertebrae (laminectomy) or a portion of a herniated disc (discectomy) to reduce pressure on nerves and the spinal cord. Patients with symptoms like severe back pain, numbness, weakness, or difficulty walking benefit greatly from this surgery. Minimally invasive techniques allow faster recovery.

Brain Tumor Surgery

Brain tumor surgery involves removing abnormal growths in the brain to relieve pressure, improve neurological function, and prevent cancer spread. The most common method is craniotomy, where part of the skull is removed to access the tumor. Advanced techniques like neuro-navigation, awake brain surgery, and robotic-assisted surgery help ensure precision and safety. Surgery may be followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy to prevent tumor regrowth.

Deep Brain Stimulation

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure used to treat neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor, and dystonia. Electrodes are implanted in specific brain areas and connected to a pacemaker-like device placed under the skin in the chest. The device sends electrical impulses to regulate abnormal brain activity, reducing symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and involuntary movements. DBS does not cure neurological diseases but significantly improves quality of life.

Stroke Thrombectomy

Stroke thrombectomy is an emergency procedure to remove a blood clot blocking an artery in the brain, causing an ischemic stroke. Using a catheter inserted through the groin, doctors navigate to the blocked artery and extract the clot with a stent retriever or suction device. This procedure must be performed within 6 - 24 hours of stroke onset to restore blood flow, prevent brain damage, and reduce disability.

Umbilical Cord Blood Transplant

This procedure uses stem cells collected from the umbilical cord blood of a newborn baby. These stem cells are stored in cord blood banks and can be used for transplants in patients who do not have a suitable donor match. Umbilical cord blood transplants are especially useful for treating leukemia, sickle cell disease, and metabolic disorders. Since cord blood contains immature immune cells, the risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is lower, but the number of stem cells available per unit is smaller, which can affect recovery time.

Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant

PBSCT is a type of hematopoietic stem cell transplant where stem cells are collected from the donor's bloodstream rather than the bone marrow. The donor receives medication to stimulate stem cell production, and the cells are then extracted using apheresis. This method is preferred over traditional bone marrow collection because it is less invasive and leads to faster engraftment of new blood cells. PBSCT is commonly used to treat leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma.

Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplant

An allogeneic bone marrow transplant involves transferring stem cells from a healthy donor (usually a close genetic match, such as a sibling) to a patient whose bone marrow has been destroyed by chemotherapy or radiation. This procedure is used for conditions such as leukemia, aplastic anemia, and certain genetic disorders. The new stem cells help regenerate healthy bone marrow and restore normal blood cell production. However, there is a risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where the donor's immune cells attack the recipient's body.

Autologous Bone Marrow Transplant

An autologous bone marrow transplant involves collecting and storing a patient's own stem cells before undergoing high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy. After the treatment, the stored stem cells are reintroduced into the bloodstream, where they travel to the bone marrow and begin producing new blood cells. This procedure is commonly used to treat multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and some solid tumors. The main advantage is a lower risk of rejection since the patient’s own cells are used. However, there is a risk of cancer recurrence.

Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS)

FESS is a minimally invasive procedure to treat chronic sinus infections, nasal polyps, or sinus blockages. The surgeon uses an endoscope to remove obstructions and improve sinus drainage. The procedure is performed under general anesthesia and typically has a short recovery period.

Cochlear Implant Surgery

parts of the ear and directly stimulates the auditory nerve. This procedure is especially beneficial for patients who do not benefit from traditional hearing aids. Post-surgery, patients require extensive auditory rehabilitation.

Septoplasty

Septoplasty is a surgical procedure to correct a deviated nasal septum, which can cause breathing difficulties, snoring, or chronic sinus infections. The surgeon reshapes or removes parts of the septum to improve airflow. It is usually performed under local or general anesthesia and does not change the external appearance of the nose.

Tonsillectomy

A tonsillectomy is the surgical removal of the tonsils, often performed to treat chronic tonsillitis, sleep apnea, or recurrent throat infections. The procedure is usually done under general anesthesia, and patients may experience throat pain for a few days post-surgery. Recovery typically involves a soft diet and pain management.

Patent Foramen Ovale Closure

Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) Closure is a catheter-based procedure used to close a small hole between the heart’s upper chambers (left and right atria) that failed to close naturally after birth. While many people with PFO have no symptoms, some may experience strokes or migraines due to blood clots passing through the hole. A small, umbrella-like device is inserted via a catheter and positioned to seal the opening permanently. This procedure significantly reduces stroke risk and improves overall heart function.

Rotablation

Rotablation is a specialized technique used to treat heavily calcified coronary artery blockages that cannot be easily opened with conventional angioplasty. A tiny rotating burr coated with diamond particles is inserted into the artery to grind down plaque buildup into microscopic particles, which are safely absorbed by the bloodstream. This method allows for better stent placement and improved blood flow, making it particularly useful in complex heart disease cases.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) is a cutting-edge, minimally invasive procedure used to replace a diseased aortic valve in patients with severe aortic stenosis who are at high risk for open-heart surgery. A new valve is implanted through a catheter, usually via the femoral artery (in the groin), avoiding the need for a major surgical incision. The procedure significantly improves symptoms like breathlessness and chest pain and enhances the patient’s quality of life.

Coronary Angioplasty

Coronary Angioplasty, also known as Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI), is a minimally invasive procedure used to open narrowed or blocked coronary arteries, restoring proper blood flow to the heart. A catheter with a small balloon is inserted into the artery and inflated at the blockage site. Often, a stent (a small mesh tube) is placed to keep the artery open. It is commonly performed on patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), angina, or heart attacks. The procedure reduces chest pain, improves heart function, and lowers the risk of heart attacks.

Auxiliary Liver Transplant

Auxiliary Liver Transplantation is performed in patients where the native liver has the potential to recover over time, such as in acute liver failure or metabolic liver diseases. Instead of removing the entire liver, a portion of a healthy donor’s liver is transplanted alongside the patient's own liver. If the native liver recovers, the transplanted liver can shrink or be removed. This procedure is beneficial for conditions like acute liver failure due to viral hepatitis or drug toxicity.

Split Liver Transplant

A Split Liver Transplant allows one deceased donor liver to be divided into two segments and transplanted into two patients—typically an adult and a child. This technique maximizes the use of donor organs and helps reduce waiting list mortality. The larger portion is transplanted into an adult, while the smaller segment is given to a pediatric recipient. The procedure requires exceptional surgical expertise and precise post-operative management.

Deceased Donor Liver Transplant

In a Deceased Donor Liver Transplant (DDLT), the liver is obtained from a brain-dead donor and transplanted into a recipient with end-stage liver disease. This procedure is typically performed on patients with conditions such as liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, or autoimmune liver diseases. The recipient is placed on a transplant waiting list and matched based on urgency and compatibility. Post-transplant, immunosuppressive medications are required for life to prevent organ rejection.

Living Donor Liver Transplant

A Living Donor Liver Transplant (LDLT) involves transplanting a portion of a healthy liver from a living donor into the recipient suffering from liver failure. Since the liver regenerates, both the donor’s and recipient’s liver can regrow to normal size over time. This procedure is a life-saving option for patients with chronic liver diseases like cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, or acute liver failure. It requires extensive compatibility testing, surgical expertise, and long-term post-operative care.

Dialysis Access Surgery

A procedure to create a connection between an artery and a vein for efficient dialysis access in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Ureteroscopy with Laser Lithotripsy

A non-invasive technique that uses a thin scope to reach kidney stones and break them into smaller pieces using laser energy for easy removal.

Laparoscopic Nephrectomy

A minimally invasive surgery to remove a diseased kidney due to cancer, severe infection, or non-functioning kidney. It involves small incisions and faster recovery.

Kidney Transplant

A surgical procedure where a diseased kidney is replaced with a healthy donor kidney. It is the best treatment for end-stage kidney disease, offering improved quality of life and longevity.