Electrophysiology Studies

A test used to evaluate the electrical activity of the heart and diagnose abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias). It may involve catheter insertion and ablation if needed.

Pacemaker Implantation

A surgical procedure to remove part or all of the esophagus, often performed for esophageal cancer or severe esophageal disorders.

Angioplasty and Stenting

A minimally invasive procedure used to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels supplying the heart (coronary arteries). A stent is often placed to keep the artery open.

Cardiac Catheterization

A diagnostic procedure where a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel and guided to the heart to check for blockages, heart function, and other cardiovascular issues.

Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

A VAD is a mechanical pump implanted in patients with severe heart failure to help the heart pump blood effectively. It is used as a bridge to heart transplantation or as a long-term solution for patients ineligible for a transplant. The device significantly improves quality of life and survival rates.

Atrial Septal Defect Closure

ASD closure is a procedure to repair a hole between the heart’s upper chambers (atria). This congenital defect can cause oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix, leading to complications like arrhythmias or heart failure. The closure can be done surgically or via catheter-based techniques using a closure device.

Heart Valve Replacement

This procedure is performed to replace a damaged or diseased heart valve with a mechanical or biological valve. It is necessary for patients with valve stenosis or regurgitation, which can lead to heart failure if untreated. The procedure can be done through open-heart surgery or minimally invasive techniques such as TAVR (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement).

Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) is a surgical procedure used to treat severe coronary artery disease (CAD). It involves bypassing blocked arteries using grafts from other blood vessels to restore proper blood flow to the heart. It is commonly performed in patients with angina or after a heart attack to improve heart function and longevity.

Total Body Irradiation

Used before bone marrow or stem cell transplantation to eliminate cancer cells and suppress the immune system. Commonly used for leukemia and lymphoma.

Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Highly precise radiation therapy that delivers high doses in fewer sessions. Used for brain tumors, lung, liver, and spine cancers. Helps minimize damage to healthy tissues.

Brachytherapy

A radioactive source is placed inside or near the tumor to deliver a high radiation dose while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues. It is effective for prostate, cervical, and breast cancers.

External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT)

EBRT uses high-energy X-rays or proton beams to target and destroy cancer cells externally. It is commonly used for cancers like breast, lung, prostate, and brain tumors. The treatment is painless but may cause mild skin irritation and fatigue.

Epilepsy Surgery

Epilepsy surgery is recommended for patients with severe, drug-resistant epilepsy. The most common procedure is temporal lobectomy, where a part of the brain’s temporal lobe (where seizures originate) is removed. Another approach, corpus callosotomy, cuts the corpus callosum to prevent seizures from spreading between brain hemispheres. This surgery significantly reduces seizure frequency and improves quality of life.

Aneurysm Clipping

Aneurysm clipping is a neurosurgical procedure used to prevent a brain aneurysm from rupturing. Surgeons place a small metal clip at the base of the aneurysm to stop blood flow, preventing it from bursting and causing a life-threatening stroke or brain hemorrhage. This is a highly effective treatment for unruptured and ruptured aneurysms. Compared to endovascular coiling, clipping is more invasive but has a lower risk of recurrence.

Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery

Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (MISS) is used to treat spinal disorders like herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and degenerative spine conditions with small incisions instead of open surgery. Using microscopes and endoscopic cameras, surgeons access the spine with minimal tissue damage, leading to faster recovery, less pain, and fewer complications. Procedures include microdiscectomy, laminectomy, and spinal fusion to relieve nerve compression and stabilize the spine.

Craniotomy

A craniotomy is a surgical procedure where a part of the skull (bone flap) is removed to access the brain. It is commonly performed to remove brain tumors, treat brain aneurysms, relieve pressure, or manage traumatic brain injuries. Advanced techniques such as image-guided navigation and intraoperative MRI help improve precision and safety. The removed skull section is reattached after surgery. Recovery includes physical therapy and rehabilitation.

Eye Lid Surgery (Blepharoplasty)

A procedure that removes excess skin and fat from the eyelids to treat drooping, puffiness, or to correct vision issues. It can also improve appearance and reduce eyelid weight.

YAG Laser Capsulotomy

A laser treatment used to treat cloudiness that sometimes forms in the capsule of the lens after cataract surgery, restoring clear vision.

Intravitreal Injections

Involves injecting medication directly into the eye to treat conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, or retinal vein occlusion. It helps manage swelling.

Pterygium Surgery

A procedure to remove pterygium (a growth of tissue on the eye's surface), which can obstruct vision. Usually performed under local anesthesia and has a high success rate.

Corneal Transplant (Keratoplasty)

A surgical procedure to replace a damaged or diseased cornea with a healthy donor cornea. It restores vision for patients with corneal disease or scarring.

Retinal Laser Surgery

Uses laser to treat retinal conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal tears, and macular degeneration. The procedure helps seal leaks and prevent further vision loss.

Glaucoma Surgery

A set of surgical procedures aimed at lowering intraocular pressure to prevent optic nerve damage in glaucoma patients. Methods include trabeculectomy and tube shunt surgery.

LASIK Surgery

A laser surgery to correct nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism. LASIK reshapes the cornea to improve focus, offering freedom from glasses or contact lenses.

Cataract Surgery

A common procedure to remove the cloudy lens of the eye (cataract) and replace it with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL), improving vision and reducing glare and blindness.

Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS)

FESS is a minimally invasive procedure to treat chronic sinus infections, nasal polyps, or sinus blockages. The surgeon uses an endoscope to remove obstructions and improve sinus drainage. The procedure is performed under general anesthesia and typically has a short recovery period.

Cochlear Implant Surgery

parts of the ear and directly stimulates the auditory nerve. This procedure is especially beneficial for patients who do not benefit from traditional hearing aids. Post-surgery, patients require extensive auditory rehabilitation.

Septoplasty

Septoplasty is a surgical procedure to correct a deviated nasal septum, which can cause breathing difficulties, snoring, or chronic sinus infections. The surgeon reshapes or removes parts of the septum to improve airflow. It is usually performed under local or general anesthesia and does not change the external appearance of the nose.

Tonsillectomy

A tonsillectomy is the surgical removal of the tonsils, often performed to treat chronic tonsillitis, sleep apnea, or recurrent throat infections. The procedure is usually done under general anesthesia, and patients may experience throat pain for a few days post-surgery. Recovery typically involves a soft diet and pain management.

Lung Biopsy

A lung biopsy is a procedure to extract a small tissue sample from the lungs for diagnosing lung cancer, infections, or other diseases.

Pulmonary Function Test

PFT is a series of breathing tests to measure how well the lungs function. It is used for: Diagnosing asthma, COPD, and lung fibrosis Monitoring lung disease progression Assessing lung function before surgery It includes tests like spirometry, lung volume measurement, and diffusion capacity testing.

Thoracentesis

Thoracentesis is a minimally invasive procedure to remove excess fluid from the pleural space (area between the lungs and chest wall). It is performed to: Diagnose pleural effusion (fluid buildup around the lungs) Relieve symptoms like difficulty breathing, chest pain, and cough Treat lung infections and cancers affecting the pleura

Bronchoscopy

A bronchoscopy is a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure that allows doctors to examine the airways (trachea and bronchi) using a flexible or rigid bronchoscope. It is used for: Detecting lung diseases (e.g., infections, tumors, or inflammation) Removing foreign objects from the airways Taking tissue samples (biopsy) for further analysis

Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery

A less invasive alternative to open-heart surgery, this procedure involves small incisions instead of opening the chest. It is used for valve repair, bypass surgery, and congenital defect correction, reducing recovery time and complications

Valve Replacement Surgery

This surgery replaces a damaged or malfunctioning heart valve (aortic, mitral, pulmonary, or tricuspid) with either a mechanical or biological valve. It is performed in cases of severe valve disease.

Heart Transplant

A heart transplant is a life-saving procedure in which a diseased heart is replaced with a healthy donor heart. It is performed in patients with end-stage heart failure who have not responded to other treatments.

Open-Heart Surgery

Open-heart surgery is a broad term for any surgical procedure that involves opening the chest to operate on the heart, such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valve repair, or congenital heart defect correction.

Liver Transplant with Portal Vein Reconstruction

Liver Transplant with Portal Vein Reconstruction is a specialized transplant technique used in patients with complex vascular issues, such as portal vein thrombosis. The surgery involves not only replacing the diseased liver but also reconstructing the portal vein using grafts or vascular techniques to restore proper blood flow. This procedure significantly improves the long-term success rate of liver transplants in patients with severe cirrhosis or clotting disorders.

Endoscopic Retrograde

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography.

Liver Biopsy

A liver biopsy is a procedure to obtain a small tissue sample from the liver to diagnose conditions such as liver disease, hepatitis, or cirrhosis. A needle is inserted through the skin into the liver to collect the sample, which is then analyzed under a microscope.

Gastric Bypass Surgery

Gastric bypass is a weight-loss surgery that reduces stomach size and reroutes the digestive tract to limit food absorption. This procedure is commonly used for patients with obesity and related health issues such as diabetes or hypertension. It requires significant lifestyle changes and follow-up care.

Colonoscopy

A colonoscopy is a diagnostic procedure used to examine the colon and rectum for abnormalities such as polyps, inflammation, or cancer. A flexible tube with a camera (colonoscope) is inserted into the rectum to visualize the intestinal lining. If necessary, polyps can be removed during the procedure.

Kidney Biopsy

A kidney biopsy is a diagnostic procedure used to examine kidney tissue under a microscope. It helps in diagnosing kidney diseases such as glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, and kidney transplant rejection. A small sample of kidney tissue is removed using a thin needle, often guided by ultrasound or CT imaging. The results help doctors determine the best course of treatment. While generally safe, complications such as minor bleeding can occur.

Renal Angioplasty and Stenting

Renal angioplasty is a minimally invasive procedure to treat narrowed or blocked renal arteries caused by conditions such as atherosclerosis. A catheter with a balloon is inserted into the blocked artery and inflated to widen the passage, improving blood flow to the kidneys. In most cases, a stent (a small mesh tube) is placed to keep the artery open. This procedure helps reduce high blood pressure and prevent further kidney damage.

Kidney Transplant

A kidney transplant is the surgical replacement of a diseased kidney with a healthy one from a donor. It is the most effective long-term treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The donor kidney can come from a living person (usually a relative) or a deceased donor. The recipient must take lifelong immunosuppressive drugs to prevent organ rejection. This procedure significantly improves quality of life compared to dialysis, allowing patients to return to normal activities.

Kidney Dialysis

Dialysis is a life-sustaining treatment for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or kidney failure. It removes waste, toxins, and excess fluids from the body when the kidneys can no longer function properly.

Bladder Cancer Surgery

A procedure where the entire bladder is removed for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. A new urinary diversion (such as an ileal conduit or neobladder) is created to store and pass urine.

Transurethral Resection of the Prostate

A procedure to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by removing excess prostate tissue using a special scope inserted through the urethra.

Radical Prostatectomy

Surgical removal of the prostate gland to treat localized prostate cancer. It can be performed via open, laparoscopic, or robotic-assisted techniques.

Kidney Stone Removal

A minimally invasive procedure where large kidney stones are removed using a small incision in the back. It is performed under general anesthesia and is highly effective for complex stones.

Artificial Disc Replacement

This procedure replaces a damaged spinal disc with an artificial one to maintain movement and flexibility. It is an alternative to spinal fusion and is commonly used for cervical and lumbar disc degeneration. It allows for quicker recovery and reduces the risk of adjacent disc problems.

Discectomy

A discectomy is performed to remove part or all of a damaged spinal disc that is pressing on a nerve. It is a common treatment for herniated discs in the lower back and neck. The procedure helps relieve pain, numbness, and weakness caused by nerve compression

Laminectomy

Laminectomy involves the removal of the lamina (part of the vertebra) to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. This procedure is commonly performed for spinal stenosis, herniated discs, or nerve compression. It can significantly reduce back and leg pain but may require physical therapy for full recovery.

Spinal Fusion Surgery

Spinal fusion is a procedure that permanently connects two or more vertebrae to eliminate movement between them. This is commonly performed for conditions such as degenerative disc disease, scoliosis, or spinal fractures. The procedure involves using bone grafts, screws, and metal rods to stabilize the spine. Recovery can take several months, and physical therapy is often recommended for rehabilitation.

Umbilical Cord Blood Transplant

This procedure uses stem cells collected from the umbilical cord blood of a newborn baby. These stem cells are stored in cord blood banks and can be used for transplants in patients who do not have a suitable donor match. Umbilical cord blood transplants are especially useful for treating leukemia, sickle cell disease, and metabolic disorders. Since cord blood contains immature immune cells, the risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is lower, but the number of stem cells available per unit is smaller, which can affect recovery time.

Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant

PBSCT is a type of hematopoietic stem cell transplant where stem cells are collected from the donor's bloodstream rather than the bone marrow. The donor receives medication to stimulate stem cell production, and the cells are then extracted using apheresis. This method is preferred over traditional bone marrow collection because it is less invasive and leads to faster engraftment of new blood cells. PBSCT is commonly used to treat leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma.

Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplant

An allogeneic bone marrow transplant involves transferring stem cells from a healthy donor (usually a close genetic match, such as a sibling) to a patient whose bone marrow has been destroyed by chemotherapy or radiation. This procedure is used for conditions such as leukemia, aplastic anemia, and certain genetic disorders. The new stem cells help regenerate healthy bone marrow and restore normal blood cell production. However, there is a risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where the donor's immune cells attack the recipient's body.

Autologous Bone Marrow Transplant

An autologous bone marrow transplant involves collecting and storing a patient's own stem cells before undergoing high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy. After the treatment, the stored stem cells are reintroduced into the bloodstream, where they travel to the bone marrow and begin producing new blood cells. This procedure is commonly used to treat multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and some solid tumors. The main advantage is a lower risk of rejection since the patient’s own cells are used. However, there is a risk of cancer recurrence.